Friday, August 21, 2020

Social Agencies And Human Service Organizations Social Work Essay Essay Example

Social Agencies And Human Service Organizations Social Work Essay At the point when individuals are sought after of open help, they do non hold to confabulate with the specialists straight now and then to acquire it. A cultural department, characterized formally organized unit, authorized by society, whose closures and exercises center around addressing human needs. ( Turner, Pg 209 ) is simply known as one of the contacts between the specialists and the populace that enables the individuals sought after to get the administrations and assets of our cultural open help framework. On the different manus, human help associations are known to be the auxiliary scenes for cultural open help design who utilize cultural specialists to help run into human requests. Albeit cultural departments and human assistance associations parcel regular attributes, they other than have highlights that separate them from others. Social agencies and human help associations are partitioned into three distinct areas: specialists, deliberate and business and this is the place the term a varying monetary arrangement of open help comes in. ( Turner, Pg 209 ) We will compose a custom paper test on Social Agencies And Human Service Organizations Social Work Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Social Agencies And Human Service Organizations Social Work Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Social Agencies And Human Service Organizations Social Work Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Government authorities are part into administrative and commonplace legitimate force and they are mindful to flexibly open help for money support, wellbeing consideration, kid open help, work protection, professional recovery, housing, rectifications and administrations to veterans and First Nations residents. ( Turner, Pg 211 ) The government specialists exchanges with open help that impacts the individuals straight, for example, wellbeing consideration and business protection though the commonplace authoritiess give their obligations to civil and nearby authoritiess to accept consideration of the network in general, for example, mature age spots and day cares. Willful departments are non relied upon the specialists. They are characterized as agencies that are nongovernmental, non-benefit associations framed autonomously of area approval. Intentional agencies give two immediate and backhanded cultural administrations. Direct cultural administrations incorporate securing individuals truly included though circuitous cultural administrations do non require direct face to face communication. There are 161,000 unpaid associations in Canada ( Turner, Pg 212 ) and 1000s of private departments are supported by beneficent, charitable, national associations and specific inclusions bunches that are non consolidated or enlisted. Offices in business division are known as a benefit making area and are non each piece large as the other two parts. There are a few administrations neither the specialists nor the deliberate segment gives. Along these lines, departments in business division will in general gracefully administrations, for example, representative partner plans ( EAPs ) and they are other than known for reacting quicker than the specialists and intentional agencies in certain nations, for example, private consideration, ceaseless consideration and nursing consideration. Be that as it may, since these authorities only focus on total compensations they chop down and f lexibly insufficient administrations to customers every so often on the off chance that they need to so as to be monetarily dynamic. For this task I chose to take an agency from the willful division since I for one accept that they are the greater part of import in each of the three segments. I met a province specialist, named Neeru Singal at Brampton Multicultural Community Center ( right away known as BMC ) , one of the greatest non-benefit associations in Brampton, Ontario. The main ground why I picked a non-benefit association is on the grounds that they offer broadened types of assistance, for example, athleticss and redirection, humanistic controls and development, cultural assistance plans, clinical plans, any individual who needs support, and most essentially help new outsiders sink into the network. By providing top notch administrations like these, the associations improve the personal satisfaction in social orders. Most essentially, it is extremely hard to imagine a network with no deliberate authorities. It permits everybody in the network to obtain included and carry on with a functioning life. Organization starting and brief history When the in-relocation rates were expanding rapidly during the 1980s, a major figure of South Asiatic migrants were trying to settle in metropoliss, for example, Brampton and Mississauga. During this propensity, a cluster of youngsters required help in happening occupations and settle in the network. This is the point at which a gathering of assorted experts chose to set up a multicultural public venue in Brampton so as to run into specific requests of the individuals. Brampton Multicultural Community Center was set up in 1987 as a non-benefit association so as to help juveniles settle and fuse in the general public. In 1987, everything began with voluntaries unpaid way plan who were engaged with a variety of plans, for example, the Immigrant Settlement A ; Adaptation Pro ( ISAP ) , the Job Search Workshops ( JSW ) and Multicultural Settlement A ; Education Partnership ( MSEP ) . Neeru Singal has referenced that voluntaries are a stay of their association and they are known for havin g a beneficial outcome in their customer s lives. Brampton Multicultural Community Center simple executed Newcomer Settlement Program ( NSP ) and Social Service Program ( SSP ) so as to spread out their administrations and associate individuals. This public venue by and by has around ten plans including administrations for seniors and clinical appearing. A Purpose and guide Neeru Singal has referenced that the association s trademark interfacing individuals, manufacture networks clarifies everything when I got some information about the main purpose. The statement of purpose for this association is to elevate the limit of youngsters to permit them participate all the more practically in their networks. In this way, by actualizing more plans, the public venue will pull more juveniles to get included and exploit free administrations that are being advertised. The vision explanation of this association is to augment the limit of the settlement part and consider them to be a solid network in future. So as to make their point, they plan to mate with other help providers and associations to correspondingly back up one another. They other than need to cooperate with other network histrions to build up the juvenile s bing achievements and gifts and spot them in Canadian working environments. The way this association works is by spliting the plans and administra tions offered into various classs ( clarified in hierarchical model ) a large portion of them devoted to newcomer network fight and puting a general approach which is being trailed by the staff. All together for any association to work adequately, the staff needs to meet with and hold detached lines of speaking with the board all the clasp. Subsequently, this is the thing that this association is accurately making. They work cooperatively with the board and host additional plans and occasions each hebdomad, for example, the YMCA Brampton juvenile arrangement, free clinical facility for low pay people and family units, free income upgrade centers, Tourss and multicultural occasions on all the normal plans and administrations they offer. By arraigning youngsters effectively in these occasions and getting support from the territorial specialists ( Region of Peel ) and the government specialists ( Citizenship and Immigration Canada ) , the association is acceptable set towards achieving their statement of purpose. Hierarchical model and backing Neeru Singal said that the authoritative development of Brampton Multicultural Community Center is extremely like the greater part of the non-benefit associations. There are directly 10 plans that are being offered to customers. Foreigner Settlement and Adaptation ( ISAP ) , the Multicultural, Settlement and Education Partnership ( MSEP ) , Job Search Workshop ( JSW ) , Library Settlement Partnership ( LSP ) , Newcomer Settlement Program ( NSP ) , Social Service Program ( SSP ) , Volunteer Management Program, Senior Connection Program, HOST, Cancer Screening Program. Of class, every one of these plans are gathered into a few sub classs and administrated by not many segments. At the most noteworthy level of the chain of importance, there is the board and under that there is the bearing who disregard at the activities all things considered. The littlest segment is the occasions area since it is non something that is important to chip away at each twenty-four hours. The greatest segment ignores at five to six plans Social administrations plan, HOST, occupation workshop, newcomer/migration/settlement plans. These plans are dynamic ordinary on the grounds that a clump of juveniles visit the department frequently for crowd and help. They other than offer basic types of assistance, for example, Skills Training A ; Assessment, Computer Training, Resume Preparation and Interview Skills. There is another area that administrates a few plans, for example, the Cancer testing plan and the senior association plan. Neeru Singal had referenced their Cancer testing plan is remarkable on the grounds that they do everything from keeping the data Sessionss about chest and cervical harmful neoplastic malady appearing, booking the assignments for appearing, set uping travel to followups in the wake of testing. The last area ignores at HR, Volunteers, Funding, lawful and improvement. As referenced over, the bearing is submitted with the board ( official supervisors ) which keeps the authoritative development of non-gainful association solid since 1987. With regards to subsidizing, all the administrations offered in the department are impeccably fre

Monday, July 13, 2020

The Nomothetic Approach in Personality Testing Essay

The Nomothetic Approach in Personality Testing Essay Psychology practices two major approaches to studying and assessing personality. The idiographic approach focuses on an individual personality testing to conduct individual case studies and determine the scope of personality characteristics unique for each person. (Weiner and Greene, 2017). The nomothetic personality assessment utilises the opposite approach commemorating on commonalities in personality characteristics shared by people. Findings of nomothetic assessments allow analysing individual differences in specific personality traits. The nomothetic approach emerged in the early 20th century in response to a rapid boost of studies examining human temperament styles and personality traits. The increase in personality scholarship underpinned the shift from the person-focused investigation to a process-oriented assessment. Thus, nomothetic testing aims at studying personality resemblances and developing rules for personality understanding. In this respect, nomothetic tests usually take the form of personality questionnaires, results of which are subject to factor analysis. Nomothetic testing is widely used in psychometrics, which is a branch of psychology concerned about discovering and outlining individual difference in personality traits (Kline, 2013). The nomothetic approach is highly useful to create a general picture of personality characteristics peculiar to a specific group of people. Analysis of group resemblances allows suggesting specific behaviour patterns and reactions to different situations and social events. In its turn, the idiographic approach is beneficial for identifying individual preferences, needs, capabilities and attitudes to enable differentiate diagnosis and appropriate treatment in clinical settings (Carducci, 2009). The individual-oriented approach enables clinical practitioners to investigate social factors and environmental environment affecting individual’s mental state and mood. While focusing personality assessment on a single person to identify risk factors of mental illness peculiar to him or her under the experienced socio-economic factors, cultural background and personality, clinicians rely on knowledge produced by nomothetic assessments. In this vein, the nomothetic approach is mostly appreciated and widely used by researchers rather than clinical assessors. As such, nomothetic testing serves to observe and theorise the normal course of personality development along with indicators and symptoms of abnormal development. Besides, nomothetic assessments give evidence to life experiences, events and generic dispositions that may influence individual personality facilitating the rise of specific traits (Martin, 2005). Using nomothetic findings, researchers suggest behaviour patterns peculiar to particular personality traits, which allows predicting responses to various factors. On the ground of the observed commonalities, nomothetic assessors formulate universal principles and rules for understanding personality. Given evidence cited above, practitioners prefer using the idiographic assessment when dealing with individual clients, while scholars utilise nomothetic testing to outline a scope of personality traits shared by the studied population. Though the nomothetic approach to personality assessment differs from the idiographic testing, they are typically used to complement one another. Indeed, each person is unique in terms of some traits and temperament, which make him or her distinct from the group. At the same, each person shares a set of common personality characteristics and behaviour styles as a member of the group (McKenna, 2000). Therefore, while ideographic approach is used predominantly in clinical settings, nomothetic assessment is practiced by both theorists and practitioners. In other words, when studying the uniqueness of each patient, clinical assessors refer to the body of knowledge generated by nomothetic testing findings to gain a basic understanding of traits and motives possessed by a person. Conversely, each psychological inquiry is driven by the initial observation or assessment of individual traits and characteristics. Hence, idiographic assessment of individuals lays the ground for the suggested co mmonalities or deviations targeted by normative expectations. To sum up, the nomothetic approach to personality testing implies a study of resemblances and differences in personality traits in a given group of people. Nomothetic assessments produce an empirical base for the clinical practice and further scholarship while relying on initial idiographic assessments. References Carducci, B. J., 2009. The psychology of personality: Viewpoints, research and applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Kline, P., 2013. Handbook of psychological testing. New York, NY: Routledge. Martin, J., 2005. Organisational behaviour and management. London: Cengage Learning. McKenna, E. F., 2000. Business psychology and organisational behaviour: A student’s handbook. New York, NY: Psychology Press. Weiner, I. B. and Greene, R. L., 2017. Handbook of personality assessment. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons.

Wednesday, May 20, 2020

The Dichotomy of Imagery in Jane Eyre - 1543 Words

The Dichotomy of Imagery Within Jane Eyre Upon initially examining Charlotte Brontes novel Jane Eyre, there appears to be a predominance of imagery that the author utilizes to represent both the title character and the various forms of adversity she comes into contact with. The vast majority of this imagery depicts the dichotomy of fire and ice. The author utilizes the former to represent the indomitable spirit and passion of the title character, whereas she employs the latter to symbolize the antagonizing elements that seek to damper Eyres flaming ardor. Interestingly enough, this dichotomy is existent throughout the duration of Eyres life and is evident in her early days as an orphan, in her years receiving her formal education as a school girl, and in her adulthood years when she considers candidates for a husband. Although the symbolism behind the imagery of fire and ice change slightly throughout Eyres various stages of development, this dichotomy nonetheless represents the central theme of the novel: Eyres triumph over the forces of poverty, forlornness, and despair into a successful life of her choosing. Early on in the novel, Eyres personality is characterized by an incendiary disposition that is largely in response to the adverse conditions in which she finds herself. She is an orphan who lives with her aunt, Mrs. Reed, who treats her cruelly in comparison to how she treats the other children living there. Shortly after Mrs. Reed decides to send Eyre awayShow MoreRelatedFire and Water Imagery in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1671 Words   |  7 PagesFire and Water Imagery in Jane Eyre   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Jane Eyre, the use of water and fire imagery is very much related to the character and/or mood of the protagonists (i.e. Jane and Rochester, and to a certain extent St. John Rivers) -- and it also serves to show Jane in a sort of intermediate position between the two men. However, it should also be noted that the characteristics attributed to fire and water have alternately positive and negative implications -- to cite an example among many, nearRead MoreThe Colonial Implications in Jane Eyre and Great Expectations3008 Words   |  13 Pagesto Charles Dickens Great Expectations and Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre and to what extent do these novelists draw from the colonial discourse in their representation of the `non- Western world? The Victorian novel has performed an important service in Eurocentric epistemologies and colonial ideologies in formulating the colonial discourse and establishing the alterity of `self and the `Other. Both Great Expectations and Jane Eyre, like most novels produced in the Victorian period, contain colonialRead MoreWide Sargasso Sea By Charlotte Bronte1989 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1966, Jean Rhys published her novel ‘Wide Sargasso Sea’. The story depicts the life of Antoinette Cosway, her marriage to a mysterious Englishman, and her eventual descent into madness. The story is a prequel to ‘Jane Ayre’ by Charlotte Brontà «, and gives the woman in the attic a voice. This essay looks at the use of narrative in ‘Wide Sargasso Sea’, and evaluates how this informs the interpreted meaning of the text. The style of the delivery of the plot is an important aspect of literature. The

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 1602 Words

Sarah Richards Post Traumatic Stress Disorder March 9, 2015 SW 612 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that may develop after an exposure to a terrifying event in which physical harm occurred or was threatened. Usually, the anxiety may be brought on by an â€Å"exposure to an actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence â€Å"(American Psychiatric Association, 2013, pg. 271). Only recently have children and youth been deemed to have experienced PTSD and usually undergo therapy, medication and various treatment options to minimize the impact PTSD has on one’s life. Throughout this paper, I will be discussing the development of the disorder, how PTSD symptoms differ in children, treatment options, and a clinical case example. According to the American Psychiatric Association, exhibiting symptoms of PTSD may include avoidance of stimuli associated with traumatic event, negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with traumatic events, disturbances that cause significant distress or impairment in social and occupational or other important areas of functioning. Disturbances have to last longer than a month in order to be classified as PTSD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, pg. 273). â€Å"Studies show that about 15% to 43% of girls and 14% to 43% of boys go through at least one trauma. Of those children and teens who have had a trauma, 3% to 15% of girls and 1% to 6% of boys develop PTSD. Rates of PTSD are higherShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course itRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1241 Words   |  5 Pages Stanley Health April 14, 2014 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post traumatic stressed disorder is a mental illness caused by an enormous amount of anxiety felt after a traumatic or life-threatening accident or event. This event causes intense feelings of fear and helplessness. Studies have shown that about 5 to 6 million people suffer from PTSD. (Thomas ) About 30% of those people are war veterans. Most war veterans who have served for our country who have PTSD from the war are homeless. About

Cause of Homelessness Free Essays

Homelessness is a devastating experience for families. It disrupts virtually every aspect of family life, damaging the physical and emotional health of family members, interfering with children†s education and development, and frequently resulting in the separation of family members. The leading cause of homelessness is the inability of poor people to afford housing. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause of Homelessness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Housing costs have risen significantly over the last decate, white the incomes of poor and middle-class have stagnated. In addition, who are unemployed or work in low-paying jobs are among the most vulnerable to becoming homeless. Homelessness and poverty are inextricably linked. Poor people are frequently unable to pay for housing, food, child care, health care, and education. Being poor means being an illness, an accident, or a paycheck away from living on the streets. Homelessness frequently breaks up families. Families may be separated as a result of shelter policies which deny access to older boys or fathers. Separations may also be caused by placement of children into foster care when their parents become homeless. In addition, parents may leave their children with relatives and friends in order to save them from the ordeal of homelessness or to permit them to continue attending their regular school. According to youth homelessness are family stress or breakdown, physical or emotional abuse, sexual assault, incest, poverty, schooling difficulties, institutionalisation, or mental illness, all cause youth homelessness. In these young people being depressed, angry, and emotional. They have low self-esteem, and drug and alcohol abuse is common. There are some strategies to control with youth homelessness or effective communication with them, the development of rapport and engagement with youth people on their level interest, the showing of respect including a respect for their choices The homeless people usually die in hospital and the dying homeless often appear to be dying alone. The dying person†s mind is filled with a myriad of emotions, encompassing shock, depression, anger, regret, sadness, and the ambivalence of acceptance and denial. Beside that, the homeless person†s death with no food, no clothing, no house, loss jobs, no money. So, how can to help homeless people to get out of poverty. They have to volunteer group to help homeless people with serve food, looking for the job, cloths. Finally, that homelessness is often the result of a complex set of circumstances which push people into force impossible choices between food, shelter, and other basic needs. Only a concerted effort to ensure jobs that pay a living wage, adequate benefits for those who cannot work, affordable housing, and access to health care will bring an end to homelessness. How to cite Cause of Homelessness, Papers

Thursday, April 23, 2020

Microsoft Monopoly Or Great Businessmen Essays - Software

Microsoft: Monopoly Or Great Businessmen? Since 1990, a battle has raged in United States courts between the United States government and the Microsoft Corporation headed by Bill Gates. What is at stake is money. The federal government maintains that Microsoft's monopolistic practices are harmful to United States citizens, creating higher prices and potentially downgrading software quality, and should therefore be stopped, while Microsoft and its supporters claim that they are not breaking any laws, and are just doing good business. The only thing Microsoft is guilty of is taking advantage of free enterprise. Microsoft's antitrust problems began for them in the early months of 1990(Check 1), when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating them for possible violations of the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts, (Maldoom 1) which are designed to stop the formation of monopolies. The investigation continued on for the next three years without resolve, until Novell, maker of DR-DOS, a competitor of Microsoft's MS-DOS, filed a complaint with the Competition Directorate of the European Commission in June of 1993. (Maldoom 1) Doing this stalled the investigations even more, until finally in August of 1993, (Check 1) the Federal Trade Commission decided to hand the case over to the Department of Justice. The Department of Justice moved quickly, with Anne K. Bingaman, head of the Antitrust Division of the DOJ, leading the way. (Check 1) The case was finally ended on July 15, 1994, with Microsoft signing a consent settlement. (Check 1) The settlement focused on Microsoft's selling practices with computer manufacturers. Until now, Microsoft would sell MS-DOS and Microsoft's other operating systems to original equipment manufacturers (OEM's) at a 60% discount if that OEM agreed to pay a royalty to Microsoft for every single computer that they sold regardless if it had a Microsoft operating system installed on it or not. After the settlement, Microsoft would be forced to sell their operating systems according to the number of computers shipped with a Microsoft operating system installed, and not for computers that ran other operating systems. (Check 2) Another practice that the Justice Department accused Microsoft of was that Microsoft would specify a minimum number of operating systems that the retailer had to buy, eliminating any chance for another operating system vendor to get their system installed until the retailer had installed all of the Microsoft operating systems that it had installed. (Maldoom 2) In addition to specifying a minimum number of operating systems that a vendor had to buy, Microsoft also would sign contracts with the vendors for long periods of time such as two or three years. In order for a new operating system to gain popularity, it would have to do so quickly, in order to show potential buyers that it was worth something. With Microsoft signing long-term contracts, they eliminated the chance for a new operating system to gain the popularity needed, quickly. (Maldoom 2) Probably the second most controversial issue was Microsoft's practice of tying. Tying was a practice in which Microsoft would use their leverage in one market area, such as graphical user interfaces (GUIs), to gain leverage in another market, such as operating systems, where they may have competition. (Maldoom 2) In that example, Microsoft would use their graphical user interface, Windows, to sell their operating system, DOS, by offering discounts to manufacturers that purchased both MS-DOS and Windows, and threatening to not sell Windows to companies who did not also purchase DOS. In the end, Microsoft decided to suck it up and sign the settlement agreement. In signing the agreement, Microsoft did not actually have to admit to any of the alleged charges, but were able to escape any type of formal punishment such as fines and other criminal punishments. The settlement that Microsoft agreed to prohibits it, for the next six and a half years from: Charging for its operating system on the basis of computer shipped rather than on copies of MS-DOS shipped; Imposing minimum quantity commitments on manufacturers; Signing contracts for greater than one year; Tying the sale of MS_DOS to the sale of other Microsoft products;(Maldoom 1) Although these penalties look to put an end to all of Microsoft's monopolistic practices, some people think that they are not harsh